Twain, Mark
Copyright 1995 by Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.
Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, b. Florida, Mo.,
Nov. 30, 1835, d. Apr. 21, 1910, who achieved worldwide fame during his
lifetime as an author, lecturer, satirist, and humorist. Since his death
his literary stature has further increased, with such writers as Ernest
Hemingway and William Faulkner declaring his works--particularly HUCKLEBERRY
FINN--a major influence on 20th-century American fiction.
Twain was raised in Hannibal, Mo., on the Mississippi River. His writing
career began shortly after the death of his father in 1847. Apprenticed
first to a printer, he soon joined his brother Orion's Hannibal Journal,
supplying copy and becoming familiar with much of the frontier humor of
the time, such as George W. Harris's Sut Lovingood yarns and other works
of the so-called Southwestern Humorists.
From 1853 to 1857, Twain visited and periodically worked as a printer in
New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, corresponding with his
brother's newspapers under various pseudonyms. After a visit to New Orleans
in 1857, he learned the difficult art of steamboat piloting, an occupation
that he followed until the Civil War closed the river, and that furnished
the background for "Old Times on the Mississippi" (1875), later
included in the expanded Life on the Mississippi (1883).
In 1861, Twain traveled by stagecoach to Carson City, Nev., with his brother
Orion, who had been appointed territorial secretary. After unsuccessful
attempts at silver and gold mining, he returned to writing as a correspondent
for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. At first he signed his humorous
and imaginative sketches "Josh," but early in 1863 he adopted
the now-famous name Mark Twain, borrowed from the Mississippi leadsman's
call meaning "two fathoms" deep--safe water for a steamboat.
Twain went to San Francisco in 1864. Dubbed the "Wild Humorist of the
Pacific Slope," he achieved a measure of national fame with his story
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" (1865). A trip
to Hawaii in 1866 furnished articles for the Sacramento Union and materials
for the first lecture, on his return, in a long and successful career as
a public speaker. The following year he traveled to the Mediterranean and
the Holy Land, providing letters to the San Francisco Alta California that,
in their revised form as The Innocents Abroad (1869), won immediate international
attention.
In 1870, Twain married Olivia Langdon of Elmira, N.Y. After serving briefly
as editor and part-owner of the Buffalo Express, he moved to Hartford, Conn.,
in 1871, abandoning journalism in order to devote his full attention to
serious literature. There, and during summers in Elmira, he produced Roughing
It (1872), an account of his Western years; The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles
Dudley Warner), a satire of get-rich-quick schemes and political chicanery;
the new pieces for Sketches, New and Old (1875); and TOM SAWYER (1875),
his classic tale of boyhood.
A European sojourn in 1878-79 inspired A Tramp Abroad (1880), soon followed
by The Prince and the Pauper (1882), Twain's first historical novel. He
later turned to history again in the allegorical satire A Connecticut Yankee
in King Arthur's Court (1889), a powerful fictional indictment of political
and social injustice. Meanwhile, he completed Life on the Mississippi (1883)
and, after establishing his own firm, Charles L. Webster and Co., published
his masterpiece, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, in 1884.
Increasingly involved financial problems prompted Twain to move to Europe
in 1891, just after finishing The American Claimant (1892). In 1894, following
the failure of his publishing company and of the Paige typesetting machine
in which he had invested heavily, Twain was forced to declare bankruptcy.
During this period he turned out a number of works, generally inferior to
his best: The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894),
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896), and Tom Sawyer, Detective
(1896). In 1895, to help recoup his losses, he embarked on a world lecture
tour, later described in Following the Equator (1897).
Although his financial situation rapidly improved, additional stress and
sorrow came with the deaths of Twain's daughter Susy in 1896 and of his
wife in 1904. His writings of the late 1890s and 1900s became more pessimistic
than ever; "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg" (1898) and What
Is Man? (1906) are particularly scathing examinations of human nature. Yet,
these works also imply that proper understanding of human motivations can
result in progress. Moreover, volumes in the Mark Twain Papers series--Which
Was the Dream?, and Other Symbolic Writings of the Later Years (1967), Mark
Twain's Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts (1969), and Mark Twain's Fables
of Man (1972)--suggest that the period was not the wasteland described by
some critics.
H. G. Baetzhold
Bibliography: Anderson, Frederick, and Sanderson, K. M., eds., Mark Twain:
The Critical Heritage (1972); Blair, Walter, Mark Twain and Huck Finn (1960;
repr. 1973); Bridgman, Richard, Traveling with Mark Twain (1987); Brooks,
Van Wyck, Ordeal of Mark Twain, rev. ed. (1933; repr. 1977); Budd, Louis
J., ed., Critical Essays on Mark Twain (1983); De Voto, Bernard, Mark Twain's
America (1932; repr. 1978); Fatout, Paul, Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit
(1960); Giddings, Robert, ed., Mark Twain (1985); Howells, William Dean,
My Mark Twain (1910; repr. 1977); Kaplan, Justin, Mark Twain and His World
(1974) and Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (1966); Lauber, John, The Inventions
of Mark Twain (1990); Neider, Charles, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain
(1975; repr. 1990); Paine, Albert B., Mark Twain: A Biography, 3 vols.,
(1935); Sanborn, Margaret, Mark Twain: The Bachelor Years (1990); Sanderlin,
George, Mark Twain as Others Saw Him (1978); Steinbrink, Jeffrey, Getting
to Be Mark Twain (1991).
Copyright 1995 by Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.